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Faculty and Academic Staff Handbook19th Edition, 2008Chapter VII: UWS and UWRF Policies7.18 CopyrightUW River Falls Copyright Policy (Administrative Policy 44) is available at http://www.uwrf.edu/administration/policies/ad_pol/adpol44.html Complete information on copyright for UW-River Falls faculty, staff, and students is available at http://www.uwrf.edu/library/copyright/ The following basic information about copyright is adapted from Copyright Basics , U.S. Copyright Office Circular 1, September 2000 and updates from the Digital Millenium Copyright Act and the Technology Education and Copyright Harmonization Act. Copyright provides certain forms of protection to authors of “original works of authorship,” including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. It is based on federal law (title 17, U.S. Code), and gives to the owner of copyright the exclusive right to do and to authorize others to do the following:
7.18.2 Limitations On the Scope of Copyright Protection Anyone who violates any of the rights provided by the copyright law may be held civilly or criminally liable. These rights, however, are not unlimited in scope. Two important exemptions from copyright liability for educators are the fair use exemption established by section 107, title 17, U.S. Code and the distance education exemption established by section 110, title 17, U.S. Code. The fair use exemption outlines certain situations for which the reproduction of a particular work is considered “fair,” and the distance education exemption outlines situations in which instructors in nonprofit educational institutions may transmit online non-dramatic written works and portions of dramatic works such as movies. 7.18.3 Types of Works Protected By Copyright Copyright protects “original works of authorship” that are fixed in a tangible form of expression. The following categories are included: literary works; musical works, including any accompanying words; dramatic works, including any accompanying music; pantomimes and choreographic works; pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works; motion pictures and other audiovisual works; sound recordings; architectural works. The following works are not protected by copyright: works that have not been fixed in a tangible form of expression (for example, an improvisational speech that has not been written or recorded); titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or designs; listings of ingredients such as recipes; ideas, procedures, methods, systems, processes, concepts, principles, discoveries, or devices; information that is common property such as calendars, height and weight charts, rulers. Since 1989, works no longer need to carry notice of copyright (such as the letter c in a circle) in order to be protected. Copyright is secured automatically when a work is created. Works are created when they are fixed in a medium such as a book, manuscript, videotape, sheet music, or CD. Digital works created on the internet are copyrighted automatically as well. 7.18.5 Duration of Copyright and Materials in the Public Domain How long copyright lasts can be a complicated issue, but “life +70 years” applies in many situations. Consult this table to learn more about when works pass into the public domain. Fair use, outlined in section 107, title 17, U.S. Code, allows copyrighted works to be reproduced for purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, and research. If a use of a copyrighted work is determined to be fair, one does not need to pay royalties or obtain permission to use or reproduce the work. Section 107 sets out four factors that must be considered in determining whether or not a particular use is fair. Those factors are:
All educational uses of copyrighted works are not necessarily fair. Each time a copyrighted work is used, a fair use analysis must be conducted using the four factors. Generally, if one is using a small amount of a published, factual work in an educational setting, and that use has no effect on the market for that work, the use is likely fair. It is the responsibility of all UW-River Falls faculty, staff, and students to conduct a fair use analysis each time a copyrighted work is used, and to make a reasonable, good faith determination if the use is fair or not. Helpful information on how to perform a fair use analysis each time one uses a copyrighted work is available at http://www.copyright.iupui.edu/checklist.htm Although one must determine fair use on a case-by-case basis, some uses of copyrighted works clearly are not fair. Some examples of activities that would not pass a fair use analysis are:
Because the distinction between fair use and infringement may be unclear, groups of interested individuals that have a stake in copyright compliance have written guidelines that help define fair use of copyrighted materials in certain situations. UW-River Falls does not endorse these guidelines as policy, but suggests that faculty, students, and staff refer to these guidelines as minimum application of the fair use exemption. While a final determination of fair use legally can be made only after a good faith analysis of the four fair use factors, the guidelines may be helpful during that analysis. The guidelines are outlined in the Final Report to the Commissioner on the Conclusion of the Conference on Fair Use More information on fair use is available at the U.S. Copyright Office Fair Use Fact Sheet. 7.18.7 Copyright in the Digital Age
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